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Objective To investigate the population differences of the newly named "metabolic associated fatty liver disease" (MAFLD) and the former name "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease" (NAFLD). Methods From November 2020 to January 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 624 elderly individuals aged above 65 years in a community in Beijing, China, and related data were collected, including demographic data, past history, laboratory markers, liver ultrasound, and liver elasticity. According to the presence or absence of fatty liver based on ultrasonic diagnosis, the individuals were divided into fatty liver group with 389 individuals and non-fatty liver group with 235 individuals. The independent samples t -test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between the two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between the two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between the two groups. Results Among the 389 patients with fatty liver, 387(99.5%) were diagnosed with MAFLD and 368(94.6%) were diagnosed with NAFLD, and there were 19 patients with a history of heavy alcohol consumption and 2 with positive surface antigen. A total of 366 patients met the diagnostic criteria for both MAFLD and NAFLD, accounting for 94.6% of the MAFLD patients and 99.5% of the NAFLD patients. Compared with the non-fatty liver group, the MAFLD group had significant increases in body mass index (BMI) ( t =-11.228, P < 0.05), waist circumference ( Z =-8.532, P < 0.05), hip circumference ( Z =-6.449, P < 0.05), waist-hip ratio ( Z =-5.708, P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase ( Z =-5.027, P < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase ( Z =-2.880, P < 0.05), platelet count ( t =-3.623, P < 0.05), triglyceride ( Z =-8.489, P < 0.05), fasting blood glucose ( Z =-3.516, P < 0.05), HbA1c ( Z =-2.884, P < 0.05), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) ( Z =-0.394, P < 0.05), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( Z =-4.912, P < 0.05), controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) ( t =13.744, P < 0.05), and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ( Z =-7.69, P < 0.05), as well as a significant reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ( t =6.348, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, MAFLD patients had more metabolic associated diseases, such as overweight, obesity, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension ( χ 2 =9.978, 65.472, 36.571, 9.797, and 5.128, all P < 0.05). In the MAFLD group, 30.7% of the patients had non-obese fatty liver disease (BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ), and 11.1% had lean fatty liver disease (BMI < 23 kg/m 2 ); compared with the obese MAFLD patients, the non-obese MAFLD patients had significantly lower age ( Z =-3.042, P < 0.05), BMI ( Z =-15.705, P < 0.05), waist circumference ( Z =-9.589, P < 0.05), hip circumference ( Z =-10.275, P < 0.05), HOMA-IR ( Z =-2.081, P < 0.05), CAP ( t =-3.468, P < 0.05), LSM ( Z =-3.630, P < 0.05), and NAFLD fibrosis score ( t =-4.433, P < 0.05). According to LSM value, advanced liver fibrosis accounted for 3.6% of the MAFLD population, and 10% of the MAFLD population could not be excluded for advanced liver fibrosis. Conclusion The diagnosis of MAFLD can basically cover the NAFLD population in the elderly people, and it is supposed that MAFLD can almost directly replace the concept of NAFLD in similar populations. However, further studies are needed to investigate its application in other populations.
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Objective:To observe the changes of pulmonary function and its influential factors in residents of a rural community and investigate the prevention and control measures.Methods:A survey was made in residents from a rural community in Qingdao who received public health services from September 2017 to December 2019. The demographic data, behavioral and medical history information were collected. Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second were measured. The factors that affect lung function were analyzed using univariate analysis and multivariate analysis.Results:This survey involved 5184 residents consisting of 2199 (42.4%) males and 2985 (57.6%) females. 1322 (25.5%) residents had pulmonary dysfunction. Univariate analysis showed that residents aged ≥ 60 years had a higher risk for developing pulmonary dysfunction than residents aged < 60 years (26.1% vs. 14.3%, χ2 = 19.34, P < 0.001), and male residents had a higher risk for developing pulmonary dysfunction than female residents (32.9% vs. 20.0%, χ2 = 110.74, P < 0.001). With the increase in body mass, the incidence of pulmonary dysfunction gradually decreased. The proportion of residents with pulmonary dysfunction with low body mass was higher than that in residents with normal body mass and high body mass (43.4% vs. 27.8% or 22.8%, χ2 = 8.86, 17.63, P = 0.003, < 0.001). The proportion of residents with pulmonary dysfunction was higher in those with a history of chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, or obstructive pulmonary disease than in those without such a history (68.3% vs. 23.2%) χ2 = 263.33, P < 0.001). The proportion of residents with pulmonary dysfunction was significantly higher in smokers, whether or not had quit smoking than in non-smokers (35.1%, 36.3% vs. 22.8%, χ2 = 48.83, 86.46, both P < 0.001). The proportion of residents with the normal pulmonary function was not related to the exposure history of dust and chemical poisons and the family history of respiratory diseases ( χ2 = 0.38, 2.29, P = 0.535, 0.130). Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years, male sex, low body mass, smoking, and a history of respiratory system diseases were the independent risk factors for pulmonary dysfunction. Among smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked was higher in smokers with pulmonary dysfunction than those with normal pulmonary function ( t = -2.39, P = 0.009). Conclusion:There are many risk factors for pulmonary dysfunction. Primary medical service institutes should carry out pulmonary function testing and formulate targeted prevention strategies, which help realize early detection and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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RESUMO Mudanças epidemiológicas decorrentes do envelhecimento populacional motivaram transformações nos sistemas de saúde mundiais. Desde 1990, emergem discussões sobre Cuidados Intermediários (CI), visando diminuir hospitalizações, melhorar a coordenação do cuidado e estimular políticas públicas de cuidados próximos ao território. Este trabalho objetivou apresentar e analisar a literatura científica sobre CI, enfatizando serviços de Hospitais Comunitários. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, combinando os descritores "Intermediate Care", "Community Hospitals", "Intermediate Care Facilities", "Long-Term Care", "Hospitals Chronic Disease" e "Rehabilitation Services", nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, nas bases Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed e Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações. Após processo de busca e elegibilidade, foram incluídos 30 documentos para síntese qualitativa, provenientes de: Reino Unido, Noruega, Espanha, Dinamarca, Austrália e Itália. Resultados apontam para a eficácia, a efetividade e a eficiência dos CI, com boas avaliações por parte de profissionais e usuários. Os CI, como estratégia de fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde, redução de internações, favorecimento da independência funcional dos pacientes e seu retorno à comunidade, apresentam-se como uma inovação em saúde e aposta promissora. Entretanto, persistem lacunas na literatura que ensejam mais estudos sobre o tema, com vistas a subsidiar a tomada de decisão.
ABSTRACT Epidemiological changes resulting from populational aging have led to changes in global health systems. Since 1990, discussions on Intermediate Care (IC) have emerged, with a view to reducing hospitalizations, improving care coordination, and stimulating public care policies close to the territory. This work aims to present and analyze the scientific literature on CI, emphasizing services from Community Hospitals. An integrative review was carried out, combining the descriptors "Intermediate Care", "Community Hospitals", "Intermediate Care Facilities", "Long-Term Care", "Hospitals Chronic Disease", and "Rehabilitation Services", in Portuguese, English and Spanish, in the Regional Portal of Virtual Health Library, PubMed and Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertations bases. After the search and eligibility process, 30 documents were included for qualitative synthesis, coming from: The United Kingdom, Norway, Spain, Denmark, Australia and Italy. Results point to the efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of ICs, with good evaluations by professionals and users. ICs, as a strategy to strengthen Primary Health Care, reduce hospital admissions, favor patients' functional independence and return to the community, are presented as a health innovation and promising bet. However, there are gaps in the literature that lead to more studies on the topic, with a view to supporting decision making.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between anxiety and mental resilience of caregivers for community-dwelling dementia patients.Methods:Patients in four communities who met the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease(AD)were randomly selected and their caregivers served as study subjects.General characteristics, anxiety and resilience of caregivers(n=592)were investigated with a questionnaire developed by ourselves, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale(GAD-7), and the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale(CDRISC).Results:There were 592 subjects in the study, with 185 cases(31.3%)having anxiety.Differences in manifestations of anxiety existed between caregivers for AD patients in different age groups( P<0.01). Anxiety levels were also influenced by AD patient caregivers' gender, educational level and blood relationship to the patient( P<0.05). The differences were reflected in tenacity( F=72.58), strength( F=82.19), optimism( F=12.57)and the total elasticity score( F=162.88). The Spearman correlation was used to analyze the association of caregiver anxiety with caregivers' general characteristics and domains of psychological resilience.The results showed that anxiety was negatively correlated with gender( r=-0.09, P<0.05), education level( r=-0.112, P<0.01), blood relationship( r=-0.122, P<0.01), psychoelasticity and three other domains( r=-0.457, -0.495, -0.208, -0.60, all P<0.01), but was positively correlated with age( r=0.127, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that psychoelasticity was a protective factor for anxiety in caregivers for community-dwelling AD patients( β=-0.323, P<0.05). Conclusions:While treating Alzheimer's patients, clinicians can consider psychotherapy measures to improve the psychological resilience of their caregivers.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of hospital-community-family home care mobile APP on outcomes of discharged patients with stress urinary incontinence.Methods The hospital-community-family nursing platform for stress urinary incontinence was established.Patients were randomly divided into two groups.Patients in the control group(n=51) were given conventional discharge guidance.Patients in the intervention group(n=54) were given mobile home care intervention based on conventional discharge care.Pelvic floor muscle strength,one hour pad test leakage,the ICI-Q-SF score and self-efficacy were followed up and compared between two groups.Results After 6 months of intervention,symptoms of incontinence in the intervention group were relieved,self-efficacy was higher than the control group,the ICI-Q-SF score was lower than the control group,and the differences were significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The hospital-community-family nursing platform for stress urinary incontinence can improve patients' adherence and pelvic floor muscle strength,decrease level of incontinence,and increase quality of life.
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Objective To assess the feasibility of anticoagulation therapy after mechanical valve replacement in grass-root health institutions.Methods One hundred and sixty one patients with mechanical valve replacement received anticoagulation therapy with warfarin,including 79 cases receiving the therapy in grass-root health institutions (test group) and 82 cases in the tertiary hospitals (control group).The patients were followed up for 12 months after operation;the rate of anticoagulation efficacy,the anticoagulationrelated complications,and the anticoagulation-related cost were documented and compared between two groups.Results The international normalized ratio (INR) tests were performed for 1 021 times in test group and 717 times were up to anticoagulation standard (70.2 ％,717/1 021),while INR tests in control group were performed for 965 times and 688 times were up to standard (71.3％,688/965);there were no significantly differences in efficacy rate between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).There were no significant differences in rate of bleeding events and thrombosis between two groups [16.5％ (13/79) vs.12.2％ (10/82),6.3％(5/79) vs.4.9％(4/82),respectively,x2 =0.596,P=0.44,x2 =0.161,P=0.69].The anticoagulation-related cost per month and per patient in test group was significantly lower than those in control group [(63.1 ±.12.8) vs.(176.6 ± 16.4) yuan,t =48.716,P ＜0.05].Conclusion Compared with the tertiary hospital,the anticoagulation therapy in grass-root institutions can accomplish the similar clinical outcomes and significantly reduce the medical cost in patients with mechanical valve replacement.
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Objective To investigate the applications of antibacterial agents to outpatients in primary hos -pitals in Hefei City of Anhui Province,and to provide reference for rational use of antibacterial agents.Methods In 2011, fourty-five primary hospitals in Hefei City were selected randomly ,including urban community health service centers (Group A) and township hospitals(Group B),and thirty or fourty outpatient prescriptions were analyzed monthly . Results In Group A, the percentage and intensity of antimicrobial usage , the proportion of the combination and injectable formulation were ( 45.36 ±20.02 )%, ( 89.73 ±25.50 ) DDDs · ( 100 cases ) -1 · d-1 , 13.34%, 23.16%,respectively,and the data in Group B were (61.36 ±17.18)%,(108.46 ±32.27)DDDs· (100 cases) -1 · d-1,29.13%,46.39%,respectively,which the former were significantly lower than the latter.Conclusion In primary hospitals,the applications of antibacterial agents to outpatiants are not rataional ,including high percentages of usage and unreasonable selection of species ,and more supervision and training need to be given to the medical staff , especially in township hospitals .
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"The Supporting Program for Obstetric Care Underserved Areas (SPOU)" provides financial aids to rural community (or district) hospitals to reopen prenatal care and delivery services for regions without obstetrics and gynecology clinics or hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early stage effect of the SPOU program. The proportion of the number of birth through SPOU was calculated by each region. Also survey was conducted to investigate the extent of overall satisfaction, elements of dissatisfaction, and suggestions for improvement of the program; 209 subjects participated from 7 to 12 December, 2012. Overall, 20% of pregnant women in Youngdong (71 cases) and Gangjin (106 cases) used their community (or district) hospitals through the SPOU whereas Yecheon (23 cases) was 8%; their satisfaction rates were high. Short distance and easy accessibility was the main reason among women choosing community (or district) hospital whereas the reasons of not selecting the community (or district) hospital were favor of the outside hospital's facility, system, and trust in the medical staffs. The SPOU seems to be currently effective at an early stage. However, to successfully implement this program, the government should make continuous efforts to recruit highly qualified medical staffs and improve medical facility and equipment.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Delivery, Obstetric/economics , Hospitals , Prenatal Care/economics , Program Evaluation , Republic of Korea , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
Objective To comparing the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) between doctors in general hospitals and community hospitals,and to provide scientific clues for the standardization in medical practice.Methods General and community hospitals in urban China were selected via the stratified sampling.127,325 outpatients in these hospitals from December 2011 to December 2012 were randomly recruited.Results The average age of patients was(67.82±8.62) years.There were significant differences in I-PSS,prostate volume,urinary flow rate(UFR) and result of digital rectal examination(DRE) between patients in general and community hospitals.The rates of diagnostic applications were different between doctors in the two kinds of hospitals except I-PSS.Compared with community hospitals,DRE was more frequently applied while ultrasonic inspection and UFR test were less used in general hospitals in North China.A totally opposite situation was observed in East China as compared with the north.The application rates of DRE and UFR test were lower and ultrasonic inspection rate was higher in community hospitals than in general hospitals in South China.Pharmacotherapy was the most common treatment for BPH patients in both types of hospitals(97.53 ％).The rates of drug combinations were statistically different but both were close to 75％ in the two types of hospitals.In community hospitals,the percentage of patients receiving watchful waiting with severe symptoms and signs were lower than that of patients receiving watchful waiting with moderate symptoms and signs,but the percentage of patients receiving operation was not significantly increased.On the contrary,the percentage of patients receiving operation with severe symptoms and signs was higher than that of patients receiving operation with moderate symptoms and signs in general hospitals,but the percentage of patients receiving watchful waiting was not decreased.Conclusions Applications of diagnostic methods are significantly different between doctors in general hospitals and community hospitals and vary among regions.Therapeutic strategies are correlated with the severity of obstructive symptoms or signs.The medication strategy is similar between the two types of doctors.
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A random sample survey was conducted in 17 community medical institutes in 4 districts in Beijing.Among an effective sample of 385 residents.47.5％ (n =183)of community residents chose community medical institutes for first contact care while 52.5％ (n =202) opted for class other hospitals.Residents with lower education levels tended to choose community medical institutes (P =0.01).And those with chronic diseases preferred to choose communities (P=0.00).